The abuses of antibiotics in medicine and livestock exposed to environmental bacteria lead to a large-scale disseminatio摘要临床和畜禽业抗生素的滥用导致微生物在选择性压力作用下获得并维持耐药性,并有可能通过质粒和整合子将耐药基因在相同或不同种属中广泛传播转移,最终导致多重耐药。