As they developed, some were most notable for their religious role (latter-day Rome), as the hub of an empire (Constantinople, Vijayanagara), as centres of administration (Beijing), political development (Florence), learning (Bologna, Fez), commerce (Hamb
As they developed, some were most notable for their religious role (latter-day Rome), as the hub of an empire (Constantinople, Vijayanagara), as centres of administration (Beijing), political development (Florence), learning (Bologna, Fez), commerce (Hamb
随着进化发展，一些城邦自身宗教上的角色更为显著（近代罗马），还有作为帝国中心（君士坦丁堡、胜利城），行政中央（北京）、政治思想活跃地（佛罗伦萨）、学术交流地（博洛尼亚、非斯），商品交易地（汉堡）或者特殊产品场所（托莱多）。